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Upwelling of deeper water replaces the surface water that has moved away from the coast. Unusually high biologic productivity such as the North Pacific, Antarctic (light green shading, where diatomaceous ooze occurs), and the equatorial Pacific (dark green shading, where radiolarian ooze occurs). Color indicates elevation, where green is lower elevation and brown/white is higher. √[PDF] DOWNLOAD EBOOK Essentials of Oceanography (12th Edition. Aspect ratio The index of propulsive efficiency obtained by dividing the square of fin height by fin area.

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The theory explains why tablemounts are flat on top and also explains why the tops of some tablemounts have shallow-water deposits despite being located in very deep water. The increased evaporation rate increases surface salinity, creating a halocline (Figure 11. The rift valley is marked by the linear row of volcanoes extending from the bottom of the photo to the horizon that are split in half. They become particularly active at night, when large groups may hop at the same time and form clouds above the piles of kelp on which they feed. Essentials of Oceanography by A. TRUJILLO. What is the difference between the wave base and still water level? 32 The world as it may look 50 million years from now. Mohorovicíc discontinuity (Moho) A sharp compositional discontinuity between the crust and mantle of Earth. Since all three variables are related, the other two can be determined using Figure 8.

3 inches) long at a distance of 9 meters (30 feet). Hadal zone Pertaining to the deepest ocean benthic environment, specifically that of ocean trenches deeper than 6 kilometers (3. Of an ocean current power system, which uses a field of underwater turbines anchored to the ocean floor. Then the first biocommunity at a hydrothermal vent was discovered in waters 2500 meters (8200 feet) deep in the Galápagos Rift off South America, demonstrating for the first time that high concentrations of abundant and large deep-ocean benthos are possible. The continuing decline in populations of manatees and dugongs, however, has led to them being classified as endangered species. Essentials of oceanography pdf download ebook. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12). They are constructed of many types of material, but large blocks of rocky material called rip-rap is most common. Escaping from predators by using a flash of light to temporarily blind or distract them. Bon dioxide and ocean pH. Beaches composed of finer sediment have more gentle slopes and show less distinct intertidal zonation. Abyssal hill A volcanic peak rising less than 1 kilometer (0.

000003 inch) and about 1000 micrometers (0. Adsorption on particulate matter dispersion, Releasing bacteria directly into the marine environment emulsification Current direction is one form of bioremediation. In fact, two of the most important factors that influence tidal conditions along a coast are coastline shape and offshore depth. Living things are classified based on their physical characteristics, with organisms that are closely related to one another sharing a host of common traits. Mantle (silicate materials). Several whole fish were placed on the sea floor, and an underwater camera positioned above them took a picture every few minutes to observe how long the bait remained there (Figure 15B). Longshore bars can trip waves as they approach shore and cause them to begin breaking. Essentials of oceanography pdf download pdf. N. Hemisphere winter Arctic Circle. Evaporation removes water from the ocean, leaving its dissolved substances behind. The end result is a high-speed western boundary current that flows along the hill s steeper westward slope and a slow drift of water toward the equator along the more gradual eastern slope. These tidethe natural phenomena related to the tides. 9The pressure is 1 atmosphere (1 kilogram per square centimeter) at the ocean surface and increases by 1 atmosphere for each 10 meters (33 feet) of depth. With your knowledge of food pyramids, it should be no surprise that the majority of the ocean s biomass is comprised of phytoplankton.

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Marine mammals are relatively easy to track because they must surface periodically for air. Atom A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons. For example, a serious obstacle to the use of any device to harness wave energy is the monumental engineering problem of preventing the devices from being destroyed by the wave force they are built to harness. Infrared radiation Electromagnetic radiation lying between the wavelengths of 0. Essentials of oceanography pdf download 2017. However, the gases emitted during a volcanic eruption react with other components of the climate system and the volcanic dust eventually settles out. What economic deposits are there on the sea floor? You may also have experienced this change in pressure when your ears popped during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads.

How are the ocean s climatic regions (Figure 6. Scenarios that assume that people will burn even larger amounts of fossil fuels than we do today give warming estimates in the top end of this temperature range, while the scenarios that assume that greenhouse gas emissions will grow slowly or not increase at all suggest a much smaller amount of warming. The Indian Ocean consists of one gyre, the Indian Ocean (Majid) Gyre, which exists mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. Mare Liberum and the Territorial Sea In 1609, Hugo Grotius, a Dutch jurist and scholar whose writings eventually helped formulate international law, urged freedom of the seas to all nations in his treatise Mare liberum (mare * sea, liberum * free), which was premised on the assumption that the sea s major known resource fish exists in inexhaustible supply. The mercury poisoning that is now known as Minamata disease became epidemic in 1956, when the plant was only 18 years old. North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, 208 Northeast trade winds, 172 North Equatorial Current, 209 Northern boundary currents, 200 North Pacific Current, 215 Norwegian Current, 212 Nucleus, 129 130 Nutrients, 372 373 O Ocean-bottom seismometers, 92 Ocean Drilling Program (OCP), 100, 118 119 Ocean engineers, 514 Ocean floor. Halocline A layer of water in which a high rate of change in salinity in the vertical dimension is present. At that time, wetlands were being lost to development at a rate of 121, 000 hectares (300, 000 acres) per year! Essentials of Oceanography (3 Edition) - PDF Drive. This prevents mixing between surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters, effectively eliminating any supply of nutrients from deeper waters below (Figure 13. In the past decade alone, there has been a loss of over 2 million square kilometers (800, 000 square miles) of Arctic sea ice. Proxigean A tidal condition of extremely large tidal range that occurs when spring tides coincide with perigee.
Moreover, these studies showed that many rock sequences from one continent were identical to rock sequences on an adjacent continent although the two were separated by an ocean. Each light-colored layer is sandstone that marks the coarser bottom of a graded bedding sequence. At a coast where the trough arrives first, the water drains out and exposes parts of the lowermost shoreline that are rarely seen. PH scale A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. If the clock is keeping good time (which Harrison s chronometer did), then we know that the ship is 4 hours and 18 minutes behind (west of) Greenwich time. The early Tudor rulers in England, however, defined a furlong ( furrow-long) as 220 yards, based on the length of agricultural fields. A) Rounded fins are flexible and useful in accelerating and maneuvering at slow speeds. Exxon, for example, spent $10 million dollars to spread fertilizers rich in phosphorus and nitrogen on Alaskan shorelines to boost the growth of indigenous oil-eatFIGURE 11.

Essentials Of Oceanography Pdf Download 2017

Well as Styrofoam containers have been banned in certain countries and coastal communities. Xi Image courtesy of NASA s Earth Observatory. In 1498, he explored Venezuela and landed on South America, unaware that it was a new continent to Europeans. 5 degrees of longitude. Photic zone The upper ocean in which the presence of solar radiation is detectable.

These developments caused scientists to reexamine continental drift and advance it into the more encompassing theory of plate tectonics. Interference (wave) The overlapping of different wave groups, either in phase (constructive interference, which results in larger waves), out of phase (destructive interference, which results in smaller waves), or some combination of the two (mixed interference). Of protons (protos first) and neutrons (neutr neutral) which are bound together by strong forces. New production Primary production supported by nutrients supplied from outside the immediate ecosystem by upwelling or other physical transport. 380, 000 km3 = total water evaporated. 28c Courtesy C. Paull, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego. Let s look at a few examples that illustrate how plate tectonic processes can be used to explain the origin of features that, up until the acceptance of plate tectonics, were difficult to explain. When ships travel across the ocean, they leave behind a wake, which is a wave. Mississippi River drainage basin (gold) and enlargement (below) showing extent of the 1999 Gulf of Mexico dead zone (red) dead zone is a low-oxygen region related to excess nutrients from agricultural runoff from the Mississippi River that stimulates algal the algae die, decomposition consumes vast amounts of oxygen, creating an anoxic dead zone that affects a multitude of marine life.

Calcareous ooze (microscopic) Shell coral fragments (macroscopic).

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